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National-Local Cooperation: A Pillar of City-Led Prevention of Hate, Extremism and Polarisation – A Practice Update

Last updated:

27/11/2024

Publication Date:

27/11/2024

Content Type:

Policy Briefs

Issues:

National-Local Cooperation

Introduction 

National-local cooperation (NLC) includes the structures, resources and approaches that help ensure that national strategies are informed by and reflect localised needs and priorities and enable actors across all levels and sectors to work collectively and maximise their impact. NLC recognises the comparative advantages that each level of government – national, regional, state and local – have and elevates them in a coherent strategy. This strategic framework is a foundation for operationalising and sustaining a whole-of-society approach for addressing hate, extremism and polarisation and a key component in enhancing the role that mayors and local government play in this effort.

Background

The Strong Cities Network (Strong Cities) is dedicated to amplifying city leadership in addressing hate, extremism and polarisation. NLC is a core pillar of this strategy and provides a framework through which Strong Cities can help actors at all levels recognise and elevate the critical role that local leaders and other city-level actors play. That is why Strong Cities began working with the Global Counterterrorism Forum’s (GCTF) Countering Violent Extremism Working Group, co-chaired by Australia and Indonesia, as part of the Initiative on National-Local Cooperation in Preventing and Countering Violent Extremism. This led to the elaboration of the GCTF’s 2020 Memorandum on Good Practices on Strengthening National-Local Cooperation in Preventing and Countering Violent Extremism Conducive to Terrorism, which provides policymakers, practitioners and international actors with guidance for enhancing NLC, organised into 13 good practices.

To provide additional guidance and support to national and local stakeholders in actioning this guidance, Strong Cities developed an accompanying GCTF Toolkit: A Roadmap for Operationalizing a “Whole of Society” Approach to Preventing and Countering Violent Extremism that Leads to Terrorism. The Toolkit explores six pillars that underlie effective NLC and presents promising practices and recommendations that are rooted in real-world examples drawn from more than 60 case studies from around the world. The Toolkit was officially launched in September 2023 during a GCTF-Strong Cities side event, organised in the margins of the UN General Assembly alongside the Strong Cities Fourth Global Summit.

Just over one year later, this policy brief provides an update on Strong Cities’ NLC-focused work with cities and a new cache of examples and lessons drawn from Strong Cities’ wider engagements since then.

The views expressed and examples cited in this policy brief do not necessarily reflect those of Strong Cities members, partner organisations or sponsors of the Network’s mission.

A Pragmatic Approach to NLC

There is no singular approach to NLC. To be effective and sustainable, NLC must be drawn from and reflect existing structures, policies and practices in the country, both those associated with preventing and responding to hate, extremism and polarisation and those that are not. While hate and extremism are the primary focus here, NLC exerts an influence across departments and issues and can improve efficacy in addressing related challenges around climate, education, migration and gender-based, gang and other forms of violence – all issues that can affect and are affected by national and local efforts to build peaceful, cohesive and resilient cities. NLC is more than just collaboration between government offices and between government and non-government stakeholders; it can empower communities, reinforce a strong and independent civil society and give voice to the local experience, ensuring that national policies are informed by community needs and priorities and have the support from local government and non-governmental stakeholders. Therefore, cities and other prevention stakeholders are encouraged to take a holistic approach in their exploration of NLC to identify all opportunities to enhance cooperation and strengthen prevention in their country, region, city and community while taking into account the specificities of the local context.

Rather than establishing a set of rigid rules, Strong Cities has identified six pillars of NLC: trust, inclusivity, coordination, communication, capacity and sustainability. If an actor at any level wants to explore opportunities to improve NLC where they are, these pillars provide a practical place to focus, where gradual improvements can contribute to advancing their efforts to address hate, polarisation and extremism. This policy brief will examine a series of relevant, recent case studies and explore how they demonstrate good practice in one or more of these pillars.

Strong Cities Advancement of National-Local Cooperation: Contributing to the Prevention of Hate, Extremism and Polarisation

Advancing the Roles of Cities and Local Actors in Prevention in Uganda

Strong Cities has been working closely with national and local officials in Uganda, as well as researchers and civil society, to include a role for cities in localising the National Strategy for Preventing and Countering Violent Extremism. Strong Cities led an extensive mapping exercise with Ugandan researchers – which included a meeting in October 2022 with national and local officials – to identify key opportunities for strengthening the role of local actors in addressing hate and extremism, as well as the barriers impeding their success. Strong Cities then convened a broader group of national and local representatives in April 2023, including governmental and non-governmental representatives, to present the findings, sensitise them on NLC and plot a path toward greater local representation and participation in efforts to address hate, extremism and violence. As a result, the national government committed to include local government actors, for example, in the National Steering Committee responsible for overseeing the implementation of the National Strategy. Strong Cities’ East and Southern Africa Regional Hub (ESA Regional Hub) has continued to work with Ugandan local officials to provide peer-learning opportunities and technical support.

In the last year, several Ugandan municipalities have taken a stronger role in advancing prevention efforts locally:  

• Nansana Municipality implemented a Neighbourhood Watch. It is a community-based mechanism to raise awareness about hate and extremism and improve information-sharing on community concerns and needs with the local government. Municipal officials were inspired by a similar programme in Stellenbosch (South Africa), and Strong Cities connected the two cities that then exchanged good practices.
• Koboko Municipality is preventing vulnerability amongst refugee communities by investing in their long-term socioeconomic integration and psychosocial rehabilitation.
• Nebbi Municipality is investing in cross-border city-city peacekeeping dialogues. Municipal officials shared that they were inspired after joining Strong Cities’ Border Municipalities Working Group.
• In Masaka City, the mayor and local government are partnering with young people to raise awareness about hate and extremism and address some of its root causes, capitalising on support from Strong Cities’ ESA Regional Hub.

While there are promising advances in local leadership, direct collaboration between local and national government bodies and officials has been slow to develop, with efforts to update the National Strategy still underway. To continue supporting this process, Strong Cities ESA Regional Hub convened a roundtable with national and local officials in October 2024 to discuss the inclusion of local government in the review and eventual implementation of the National Strategy. The roundtable led to the establishment of a taskforce, which will be chaired by Regina Bakitte, Mayor of Nansana Municipality and current chair of AMICAALL Uganda (a national mayoral alliance), comprised of local government officials, civil society, youth leaders and Resident District Commissioners (national government actors with a mandate for safety and security at the district level). The taskforce will work with the National Counter Terrorism Centre to review the National Strategy and make recommendations about the role of local governments in its implementation. Strong Cities’ ESA Regional Hub will support this process.

Strengthening City-Level Representation in Prevention in Malawi

Malawi released its National Strategy to Prevent Extremism and Counter Terrorism in October 2023. To help introduce local actors to the strategy and clarify their role in its implementation, Strong Cities convened a meeting of national and local actors in March 2024. There, national government officials, mayors and other city officials, civil society and representatives from international organisations explored opportunities for pursuing NLC to facilitate the localised implementation of the new National Strategy, as well as to identify critical barriers to NLC and ways to overcome them.

This meeting resulted in several priority action points, which have advanced NLC in addressing hate and extremism in Malawi, including:

• An actionable roadmap for strengthening NLC in Malawi. Strong Cities ESA Regional Hub led the drafting, facilitating a collaborative undertaking with diverse national and local actors. The roadmap has since been adopted by the Ministry of Local Government, Unity and Culture and is guiding its efforts to strengthen NLC and support city-led prevention of hate and extremism.
• Establishing Peace and Unity Committees at the city level. One of Malawi’s key structures for multi-level cooperation in preventing hate and extremism is the Peace and Unity Committees. However, these committees were only present at the district and provincial level: they did not include city-level actors and thus did not benefit from local and hyper-local perspectives and voices. Since the March dialogue, however, Malawi has begun work to expand these committees to the local level and the Ministry of Local Government, Unity and Culture and the Malawi Peace and Unity Commission have met with city representatives of Blantyre, Lilongwe, Mzuzu and Zomba to start establishing city-level Peace and Unity Committees.
• Advocating for local representation in prevention. The National Strategy mandates the creation of a National Counter Terrorism Centre, modelled after the Centre in Kenya. Following the March dialogue, the Ministry of Local Government, Unity and Culture has lobbied for its inclusion – and the inclusion of cities – in this structure, as well as in the drafting of policies and bills related to the National Strategy.

To continue to support this process, Strong Cities’ ESA Regional Hub will host a follow-up dialogue in February 2025 to discuss progress and facilitate continued implementation of the roadmap. The meeting will reconvene national government representatives and local actors, with a special focus on the four cities where the Peace and Unity Committees are being established.

Facilitating Support of Local Actors in Prevention in Iraq

In May 2024, Strong Cities’ Middle East and North Africa Regional Hub (MENA Regional Hub) partnered with Iraq’s National Committee for Countering Violent Extremism (NCCVE) and the European Union Advisory Mission (EUAM) to convene a two-day roundtable with national and local actors on operationalising a whole-of-society approach to prevention. This meeting sensitised actors at all levels about NLC and contributed to a wider effort to facilitate the localisation of Iraq’s National Strategy for Countering Violent Extremism, which provides a mandate for local governments in hate and extremism prevention.

Since this roundtable, the NCCVE has taken several concrete steps to support local actors and enhance city-level engagement in prevention, including:

• meeting with local government representatives across the country to design data-driven and context-relevant initiatives to prevent violent extremism at a local level;
• developing resources and content to help support local-level actors, including short educational and awareness-raising videos on prevention-related topics and capacity-building toolkits;
• expanding the network of local prevention subcommittees; and
• showcasing local governments’ efforts in prevention by featuring local initiatives in the NCCVE’s monthly newspaper.

Strong Cities’ MENA Regional Hub is currently working with IOM Iraq to support the implementation of Preventing Violent Extremism Local Action Plans (LPoAs) in six Iraqi cities. Under this partnership, the Regional Hub is strengthening the capacities of the local PVE subcommittees, including by empowering in-country facilitators through training and mentorship to translate the recommendations within the LPoAs into practical initiatives that have a tangible impact in the targeted localities, thus, contributing to the localisation of Iraq’s National Strategy for Countering Violent Extremism.

Global Good Practice: Examples of National-Local Cooperation, Contributing to the Prevention of Hate, Extremism and Polarisation

Finland: Action Plan for the Prevention and Combating of Violent Radicalisation and Violent Extremism

In July 2024, Finland’s Ministry of the Interior announced an updated Action Plan for the Prevention and Combating of Violent Radicalisation and Violent Extremism, with NLC at its core. The Action Plan’s 43 measures are divided into national, regional and local initiatives and emphasises cross-level and cross-sectoral cooperation. To help ensure this cooperation in practice, the Ministry of Interior has appointed a multi-sectoral cooperation group staffed by representatives from 28 different agencies and organisations, including national and local government authorities, civil society and researchers. Local execution of the strategy is supported by local cooperation networks, the composition of which varies between localities, and anchor teams that support individual interventions. The Ministry of Interior also operates TOUVI, an online information-sharing platform for people and organisations working in the field of internal security, which provides a space for registered members to share their work, identify collaborators and find information both from the government and other actors.

This example has several notable takeaways for improving NLC:

• By clarifying the role of regional and local actors in the national action plan, Finland has created a multi-tiered coordination platform that emphasises inclusion and enables cooperation from the national to the hyper-local.
• Since the coordination platform is multi-sectoral, it also provides an opportunity for the government to work with a variety of actors toward shared community objectives, interactions which can help build and reinforce trust.
• The structure is not overly rigid. It provides some flexibility in the make-up of local coordination networks that ensures it can be tailored to the make-up and needs of each locality. In addition to boosting effectiveness, this can lead to a more inclusive and sustainable approach.
• The Ministry of Interior publicly noted plans to evaluate the programme from the beginning, which can enhance sustainability and, if the results are made public (as previous evaluations have been), boost transparency and trust.  
• By maintaining an online coordination portal, Finland is streamlining communication and presenting security-oriented actors across sectors and levels new opportunities to identify opportunities to cooperate. 

Canada: The Canada Centre – Federal/Provincial/Territorial (FPT) Engagement in Preventing Radicalisation to Violence

Public Safety Canada’s  Centre for Community Engagement and Prevention of Violence (Canada Centre) leads the federal government’s efforts to address hate, extremism and violence, and it does so in a cross-level collaborative way that empowers local actors. One of the ways it cooperates with local actors is through the Federal/Provincial/Territorial (FPT) working group on Countering Radicalization to Violence. A Canada Centre representative shared with Strong Cities that, in the last twelve months, the Centre and the British Columbia Ministry of Public Safety have co-chaired three FPT meetings with representatives from provincial security ministries. These meetings facilitated information exchanges across jurisdictions, enhanced the knowledge base of provincial and territorial-level partners on threat-related issues and intervention approaches and highlighted areas for further work. 

Beyond the dedicated working group, the Canada Centre also regularly meets with key local stakeholders, including municipal governments, forming a consistent bridge between the national and local levels. For example, representatives from the Centre joined nearly 500 attendees at the Safety of Our Cities conference in Mississauga in September 2024. The conference was organised by the Peel Regional Police and provided an opportunity to explore how policing has evolved and what more can be done to restore balance and safety to communities.

These efforts offer several notable takeaways for improving NLC:

• By constituting a dedicated working group on prevention that includes both national and local actors, Canada has established a consistent mechanism for coordination and communication that helps ensure national approaches fit local needs. It also provides a regular forum for local actors to express their concerns and seek out the targeted support they require.  
• By pursuing targeted engagement beyond dedicated working groups, the Canada Centre ensures that its engagement with local actors is inclusive. These kinds of engagements present opportunities to build trusting, productive relationships across sectors and levels that can be leveraged into the future, bolstering sustainability.

Strong Cities is working with Public Safety Canada and the Foundation for a Path Forward to enhance cross-city collaboration in Canada and further enhance the capacity of city actors, including mayors, city officials, civil society and community organisations. Strong Cities organised two conferences for city officials in 2024 where cities across the country could explore the challenges they are facing, particularly in the wake of successive global crises, and exchange approaches and lessons learned in addressing them. The first was organised in cooperation with the Canadian Centre for Safer Communities as part of Public Safety Canada’s 2024 ‘Megaweek’ Event Series on Countering Radicalization to Violence on 30-31 May 2024 in Montreal (Québec). The second was organised in cooperation with the City of Victoria (British Columbia) on 30-31 October in Victoria and included cities from across western Canada and the western United States.

The United States: Department of Justice – Community Relations Service

The Department of Justice’s Community Relations Service (CRS) provides services and support for communities across the United States facing conflict based on a protected status, such as race, national origin, gender, sexual orientation, etc. Acting as a neutral party, CRS facilitates dialogue, mediation and consultation to resolve conflicts within and between communities through shared solutions. It also provides training to build key capacities so community members can better prevent and resolve future conflicts. For example, in February 2024, CRS worked with faith leaders in Jacksonville  (Florida) to provide de-escalation training for 50 community leaders and facilitated a Protecting Places of Worship forum in Miami (Florida) for 500 faith and community leaders and law enforcement personnel. CRS also produces resources to help support conflict resolution in specific contexts, such as a Training Program to Build Relationships with Arab American Communities, a Guide for Navigating Campus Conflicts and an Educational Program to Counter Antisemitism.

This example has several notable takeaways for improving NLC:

• The CRS has no law enforcement authority and is not an investigatory or prosecutorial agency. It is a service specifically designed to provide communities with neutral third-party arbitration. As such, this is an opportunity for the federal government to build trust with local groups by allowing communities to build a productive relationship with a national agency while providing a critical service.
• By incorporating training into the delivery, CRS is building the capacity of a range of local actors, including communities, local law enforcement and city government officials.
• By convening multi-sectoral meetings and events, CRS is enhancing local-level coordination between city-level officials and community leaders.

The United States: Department of Homeland Security – Center for Prevention Programs and Partnerships (CP3)

The Department of Homeland Security’s CP3 works to “prevent targeted violence and terrorism nationwide through funding, training, increased public awareness and partnerships across every level of government, the private sector, and in local communities”. CP3 engages with state and county governments, as well as local organisations and community actors. It provides training and capacity-building support through 18 Regional Prevention Coordinators throughout the country and oversees the Targeted Violence and Terrorism Prevention (TVTP) Grant Program that awards funding to a range of local and community actors to bolster community-led prevention. It connects local communities with federal prevention resources and provides or facilitates technical assistance to these critical stakeholders. Through its funding support of Strong Cities, CP3 is helping small and mid-sized cities in the United States better understand their role in prevention and take steps to enhance their prevention effort policies and programmes, including by leveraging existing resources.

This example has several notable takeaways for improving NLC:

• By providing training, funding and other resources to state and local actors, CP3 is enhancing their capacity and empowering them as partners, which is an important step in building trust.
• Regional prevention coordinators provide a dedicated federal official to support the development of prevention efforts in different parts of the country. This enables a tailored approach to meeting the varied needs of each region and establishes a dedicated actor with whim local officials can build a working relationship.
• Working with both government and non-governmental actors helps ensure DHS’ approach to promoting a public health approach to prevention across the country that is tailored to the different local contexts is inclusive of practitioners from different disciplines, drawing on the comparative advantages of actors across sectors to improve localised prevention efforts in each region.
• The TVTP Grant Program is evaluated yearly, and the results are shared online. Regular evaluation is critical to the sustainability of the programme. Furthermore, publishing the results, along with yearly lists of grant recipients, bolsters the programme’s accountability and can help enhance trust.

Bangladesh: National Institute of Local Government

The National Institute of Local Government (NILG) is a nationally-mandated training and research institute dedicated to strengthening local government and enhancing their capacity to address the challenges facing their residents. The NILG takes a whole-of-society approach and provides training for mayors, city practitioners, and civil society representatives. While the NILG is not exclusively focused on issues related to hate, extremism, polarisation or violence, it does help build the capacity of local actors on these issues and forms a core part of Bangladesh’s framework for NLC, including for prevention.

This example has several notable takeaways for improving NLC:

• By establishing a dedicated centre, Bangladesh can standardise its efforts to build the capacities of local actors, ensuring the provision of training and resources is sustained and consistent. Overall, it should enhance the quality and sustainability of capacity building for local actors.
• By centralising capacity building, local actors can more easily seek out the support they need, ensuring greater and more even accessibility across the country. 
• By extending capacity building to a range of actors, the programme is inclusive and contributes to a meaningful whole-of-society approach that is critical to effective NLC.
• In addition to the practical benefits, establishing a dedicated centre demonstrates the importance that the national government places on its local partners and contributes to building and sustaining productive and trusting relationships.

Indonesia: Knowledge Hubs

The Indonesia Knowledge Hub (I-KHUB) is an online platform where civil society and government agencies can share data and their experiences with addressing hate, extremism and violence, along with other issues related to the justice sector. The I-KHUB provides an online space for prevention actors to connect and collaborate, facilitating cooperation across sectors and levels throughout Indonesia and encouraging local and regional actors to play an active role in delivering the National Action Plan to Prevent Violent Extremism. The I-KHUB also includes two physical spaces in Jakarta and Makassar to encourage partner activities where actors can make use of meeting spaces and collaborative tools.

To encourage uptake of the I-KHUB among local and regional actors, the EU Delegation to Indonesia helped organise a series of workshops in 2023 to introduce the platform and offer training on topics related to violent extremism and prevention.

This example has several notable takeaways for improving NLC:

• Creating dedicated spaces for collaboration within and between sectors enables ongoing and consistent cooperation that can help maximise the pooled strengths of different actors prevent and avoid the potentially wasteful duplication of efforts.
• Having a single dedicated platform streamlines communication and makes it easier for different actors to find and share information. It enables local actors to follow important updates across the country and national actors to stay in tune with local developments.
• Users of the platform are encouraged to share research, data and good practice, helping drive evidence-led approaches at all levels and sectors.
• Collaborative platforms are only successful if all the relevant actors are aware of them and understand how to use them. Including training in the rollout of a new tool, programme or strategy can increase uptake and proper implementation.

Philippines: Training for Local representatives on the Localised National Action Plan on Preventing and Countering Violent Extremism

The Philippines’s Department of the Interior and Local Government-National Capital Region (DILG-NCR) developed a training module for local stakeholders to enhance their understanding of violent extremism and how to prevent and counter it within their own communities. In June 2023, the DILG-NCR organised a training session for 100 barangay representatives (the smallest administrative unit operating at the village or neighbourhood level) from across the National Capital Region (NCR), which featured speakers from different national agencies.

This example has several notable takeaways for improving NLC:

• Providing training for local government actors is a critical step in operationalising a national prevention action plan at the city and other local levels. By building their capacity as prevention actors, the national government helps ensure local leaders are equipped to play their part in supporting the strategy at the community level.
• Including a wide range of national agencies in the programme ensures that all relevant departments are actively engaged, supporting cross-departmental collaboration, and provides an opportunity for local actors to meet colleagues at the national level and build working relationships.
• Offering training to all forms of local government that have a role to play in prevention, including those at neighbourhood and village levels, helps ensure every level of leadership in the country is involved in supporting the implementation of relevant national frameworks at the local level.

India: Local Committees to Enhance City Level Collaboration

The principles at the heart of effective NLC are also important for enhancing cross-sectoral cooperation at the city level. Across India, several municipal governments have established community-level mechanisms to bring people together across communities and sectors to manage conflict and address localised threats to social cohesion. This inclusive and coordinated approach to local governance helps enhance cooperation at higher levels by establishing structures that facilitate regional and national-level responses to hyper-localised needs. The following examples were shared by city leaders during Strong Cities’ South Asia Regional Hub: Mayoral Roundtable on Local Efforts to Build Social Harmony and Cohesion in June 2023. More information can be found in the event summary.

Resident Welfare Associations (RWAs) have been established throughout Delhi at the ward level to represent the needs of residents and promote social harmony, tolerance and peace. RWAs are composed of local leaders from various communities and meet regularly to discuss social issues and grievances. RWAs also play a role in crisis response, helping to prevent tensions between communities from escalating into violence. The Delhi government also operates a peace committee composed of community stakeholders to manage and prevent inter-communal tensions. The committee was crucial in de-escalatingthe 2020 riots in Delhi and preventing future incidents.

The city of Mumbai established Mohalla Committees in cooperation withtheMumbai policetohelp maintain social harmony and address local disputes that threaten the city’s social cohesion.Each committee operates at the neighbourhood level and includes leaders from diverse religious and ethnic backgrounds.

In Shimla, the Deputy Mayor chaired the Social Justice Commission, which convened local stakeholders, civil society, community-based organisations and law enforcement to discuss peace and security issues. Additionally, Shimla developed Ward Sabhas, neighbourhood-level committees that meet bi-annually to address local social issues.

These examples have several notable takeaways for improving NLC:

• Community-level committees offer an inclusive way to actively involve community members in the maintenance of peace and social cohesion, including through the localisation of national prevention policies and programmes. It builds a direct link between local government and its residents that can enhance localised prevention and response and build productive, trusting relationships that are crucial to maintaining peace, as well as in containing hate or extremist incidents and rebuilding cohesion in their aftermath.
• Community-level committees should be both proactive and responsive. They should meet regularly according to a set schedule and include a mechanism to convene on an ad hoc basis if needed in response to an incident or escalating tensions. 
• To be effective, localised committees should be inclusive and representative, reflecting the make-up and interests of the area they cover.
• Community-level communities should include a wide range of city officials, including front-line actors like police.

Conclusion

NLC is a critical component of an effective and sustainable whole-of-society approach to prevention. Among other things, it helps ensure national strategies reflect the diverse needs and perspectives of cities and communities across a given country and incentivises these local stakeholders to facilitate their localisation. NLC holds the key to advancing local leadership in prevention; therefore, Strong Cities will continue to promote cross-level collaboration and encourage its members and other cities, as well as national governments, to look for ways to enhance the structures, policies and programmes in their respective contexts that will bolster cooperation between national and local governments, in particular. In the coming months, Strong Cities will build on the work outlined in this practice update and continue to catalogue examples of good practice and highlight lessons learned to help guide and inspire national and local actors worldwide.

Resources

• A Roadmap for Operationalizing a “Whole of Society” Approach to Preventing and Countering Violent Extremism that Leads to Terrorism. Global Counterterrorism Forum (2022).
• Memorandum on Good Practices on Strengthening National-Local Cooperation in Preventing and Countering Violent Extremism Conducive to Terrorism. Global Counterterrorism Forum (2020).
• Implementation of the GCTF Good Practices for National-Local Cooperation: Mapping Strengths and Challenges in East and Southern Africa. Strong Cities Network and RUSI (2022).
• The GCTF’s Good Practices on Strengthening National-Local Cooperation in P/CVE: Mapping the Implementation, Progress, Gaps, Needs and Priorities in Uganda. Strong Cities Network (2022).
• A Guide for Mayors: Preventing and Responding to Hate, Extremism & Polarisation. Strong Cities Network. November 2023 (Updated September 2024) 
• A Guide For Cities: Preventing Hate, Extremism & Polarisation. Strong Cities Network. November 2023 (Updated November 2024)

Contact

For more information on Strong Cities’ National Local Cooperation work, please contact Kelsey Bjornsgaard, Director of Practice, Strong Cities Network, here.

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