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North America Regional Hub: Countering Online Harms in British Columbia — The Role of Municipalities in Preventing and Responding to Online Threats to Social Cohesion

On 3-4 September 2025, the Strong Cities Network hosted a workshop in Vancouver (British Columbia, Canada) for elected local leaders, municipal staff and representatives from civil society organisations, educational institutions and relevant federal and provincial agencies.

Co-hosted with the Ministry of the Attorney General in British Columbia and in partnership with the Foundation for a Path Forward, the event served as the launch of Strong Cities’ Prevention Academy for British Columbia Municipalities on Countering Online Harms. The Academy is a project of CAF Canada, supported by the Ronald S. Roadburg Foundation.

Over the course of two days, participants explored the online threat landscape affecting communities across British Columbia and the role municipalities can play in preventing and responding to these threats. Discussions focused on the needs and priorities of municipalities across British Columbia so they are better able not only to react to digital threats but to identify and mitigate the impacts of these harms, including by proactively building more inclusive and resilient communities.

In her welcome remarks, Elder Carleen Thomas of the Tsleil-Waututh Nation acknowledged the traditional, ancestral and unceded territories of the Musqueam, Squamish and Tsleil-Waututh peoples. Her remarks grounded the gathering in gratitude for Indigenous stewardship and set the tone for a workshop centred on safety, inclusion and resilience. In the context of online harms, this acknowledgement was recognised as being more than symbolic as disinformation and hate speech continue to target Indigenous peoples and other marginalised groups, underscoring the connection between reconciliation and safer, more inclusive communities.

Building on these words, Eric Rosand, Executive Director of the Strong Cities Network, spoke about the diversity of online harms communities continue to face and the untapped potential that municipalities offer in addressing them. He said that they are “uniquely well placed to coordinate multidisciplinary efforts” across city departments, civil society, schools and the private sector, yet often remain absent from national and global debates despite being first responders to online harms. He urged participants to use the workshop as a safe space for candid, solutions-oriented dialogue, noting that “the solutions to rising on- and offline threats to social cohesion and community safety should come from the local level”. 

Speaking on behalf of the Vancouver City Council, Deputy Mayor Lisa Dominato, said that on- and offline “hate and disinformation can derail reconciliation, undermine racial justice and sow further division at the very moments when we need unity most”. She stressed that municipalities are on the front lines of these challenges, noting the particular risks for young people, with online tools increasingly being misused for recruitment. She emphasised the role of municipal leadership in tackling online harms amid rising division and extremism, including by convening communities, fostering belonging and building resilience. As a demonstration of the City’s commitment to these issues, Deputy Mayor Dominato said that Vancouver decided to become a Strong Cities member.

Speaking on behalf of Attorney General and Deputy Premier Niki Sharma, Haiqa Cheema, Assistant Deputy Minister in the Ministry of the Attorney General, said the eventreflected our shared commitment under the Strong Cities North America framework – a movement rooted in resilience, community action and intergovernmental collaboration”. She stressed that countering online harms requires a wrap-around approach that brings together law enforcement, mental health professionals, educators and social services, rather than relying solely on criminal law or policing. As an example, she pointed to the co-response models emerging in British Columbia, where police work alongside mental health professionals to provide integrated support.

Key Findings

Key Themes

1. The Online Threat Environment across British Columbia

Participants explored how online harms are not isolated phenomena but often mirror and accelerate broader social and political dynamics, with direct consequences for municipalities.

Heidi Tworek, Canada Research Chair and Professor of History and Public Policy at the University of British Columbia, and Director of the Centre for the Study of Democratic Institutions, observed that online harassment now extends beyond social media into email and even generic institutional accounts. She noted that the spread of online hate narratives is unpredictable. However, once such narratives gain traction, they follow ‘quite predictable dynamics’ of misrepresentation and amplification through extremist networks. Tworek cautioned that even small volumes of abuse can have severe effects. She also highlighted that generative AI is accelerating these harms by lowering barriers to producing deepfakes and extremist propaganda.

Steven Rai, Senior Analyst at the Institute for Strategic Dialogue (ISD), which hosts the Strong Cities Network, underscored two major trends shaping the online threat environment in British Columbia and elsewhere in Canada: the mainstreaming of anti-migrant conspiracies and the rise of nihilistic violence. Drawing on ISD research, he also cited spikes in anti-Muslim hate linked to pro-Palestine protests in Vancouver and a 1,350% rise in online hate against South Asians between 2023–24, correlating with a 220% increase in police-reported hate crimes. He warned that extremist conspiracies become most dangerous when they “move from fringe [online] platforms into mainstream political discourse”, legitimising hate and emboldening extremists.

Yusuf Siraj, Co-Founder of the Foundation for a Path Forward, stressed that extremist networks deliberately target those with the fewest support systems because they are easier to exploit. He described how groups like 764 lure young people into violent subcultures, where exposure to gore, extreme pornography and self-harm accelerate radicalisation. He also highlighted the global-local feedback loop, where international crises fuel local hate and online narratives, which can quickly spill into offline intimidation.

The discussions also addressed some of the gendered and other identity-based dimensions of harassment, with women, racialised officials and LGBTQ leaders facing abuse that blends policy critique with misogyny, racism or homophobia. While ‘everyone is being targeted’, speakers highlighted how intersectional identities face compounded abuse.

2. The State of Online Harms in British Columbia Municipalities: The View from the Ground

Speakers highlighted how online harms manifest particularly directly at the municipal level. They explored how local leaders, staff and residents experience the consequences of online hate and harassment in their daily work and community interactions, often without the resources or support systems available at higher levels of government. Moreover, speakers pointed out how hate directed at elected officials increasingly extends to their families and staff, producing chilling effects on participation and driving attrition in public service.

Wendy Morin, Councillor for the Courtenay and the Comox Valley, highlighted the wider civic consequences when online toxicity becomes normalised. Harassment directed at officials, she noted, reverberates through communities and deters residents from engaging in public life. She noted that “When neighbours see intimidation normalised online, they pull back from civic life, and that is a loss for the entire community”.

Nadine Nakagawa, Councillor for New Westminster, drew attention to how not all harms are overtly hateful but can still be deeply damaging. Microaggressions, like being persistently misnamed or dismissed, reinforce exclusion. She stressed that equity initiatives often trigger backlash: “Any time we take steps toward inclusion, it ramps up hate. Whether it’s naming something in an Indigenous language or supporting LGBTQ+ communities”. She also spoke to the disproportionate burden on women and racialised leaders. Abuse, she noted, is not just personal but systemic, narrowing who feels safe to serve.

Several participants stressed that smaller municipalities face distinctive risks. Where anonymity is limited and outsider voices dominate local forums, online hostility can quickly spill into offline life, leaving officials and residents more exposed. As Janice Morrison, Mayor of Nelson observed, “a small number of hostile voices can dominate discourse and create real fear”, underscoring that small municipalities must not be left behind in provincial and national responses.

Findings from the Foundation for a Path Forward and the Centre for Civic Governance’s research on online harms targeting local elected leaders across the province echoed these testimonies. It found that four in five elected officials interviewed had experienced online harassment, with two-thirds targeted by coordinated efforts and that identity-based attacks, disinformation, doxxing and threats to family members were widespread, driving many to consider leaving public service. The study further revealed that abuse was compounded by systemic barriers such as exclusion from decision-making, unequal media coverage and a leadership glass ceiling. The respondents identified three urgent needs: legal advice, mental health support and peer-to-peer networks.

Participants also highlighted some of the challenges that municipalities across the province can face in trying to tackle online harms. These include high staff turnover, election cycles that disrupt continuity, limited capacity, expertise and resources that keep municipalities reactive and gaps in data on which groups are targeted or which narratives are gaining traction. Barriers of trust with institutions such as police and schools further deter community reporting of on- and offline harms to law enforcement or local authorities.

3. The Role of Municipalities in Prevention and Response

Discussions underscored that efforts to address online harms must go beyond content moderation to address the offline drivers of social isolation and polarisation and a sense of hopelessness. They highlighted the practical steps municipalities are or could be taking, alongside their federal and provincial counterparts, to address the online harms impacting their residents. For example, as the most immediate and trusted level of government, municipalities can play a critical role in mitigating the impacts of online harms, including ones that are global in nature but experienced locally. The role can involve strengthening community resilience, belonging and safe participation. 

Mayor Scott Goodmanson explained that in Langford, rising toxicity on Facebook led the city to turn off comments and shift engagement to moderated channels such as surveys, bulletins and the Let’s Chat Langford portal.

In Prince George, Councillor Garth Frizzell explained how the municipality had adopted a strict code of conduct for council members, which limits disparaging comments, governs their use of social media and allows for penalties when councillors target colleagues. In parallel, the City also moderates its official social media channels under published guidelines that discourage hostile online exchanges. These measures, he explained, are designed to create safe, respectful work environments while still allowing constructive civic input.

Marianne Alto, Mayor of Victoria, said that harms are inseparable from broader safety concerns. Under her leadership, the city developed its first Community Safety and Wellbeing Plan, integrating online harms prevention within a broader agenda of housing, health, downtown safety, policing and justice. She said the municipality’s role is to lead and convene, enable programmes to take root and “then get out of the way”.

Victoria’s First Community Safety and Wellbeing Plan

The plan was co-designed through an 18-month, values-driven process with an 11-member Community Leaders Panel (including Indigenous leadership, the police chief, health, service providers and business) and thousands of resident engagements. It sets out 99 actionable recommendations (about half municipal, half partner-led) and backs them with clear implementation measures such as reorganising city services, assigning accountabilities, public progress reporting and cost tracking. At the strong urging of Mayor Alto, the City Council has committed CAD 10.35 million to implement the plan immediately, reallocating existing funds by stopping, delaying or deferring other projects, while also billing senior governments for responsibilities outside the municipal mandate.

Felix Munger, Adjunct Faculty at Wilfrid Laurier University and former Executive Director of the Canadian Centre for Safer Communities, said that Community Safety and Well-Being (CSWB) frameworks, which a number of municipalities across British Columbia and elsewhere in Canada have adopted, give municipalities a structured way to anticipate risks, bring partners together and embed prevention (including of online harms) in community strategies, with tools such as early warning systems and rapid response protocols.

In a digital environment where tools meant to connect us often amplify hate and polarisation, Munger cautioned against overreliance on technology. He argued that municipalities, as the level of government closest to residents, are uniquely positioned to foster the in-person connection and collaboration that technology cannot replace. He said, “For centuries, we turned to technology to solve human problems. Instead of becoming the solution, technology has often deepened divisions and fuelled polarisation. The real solution is human: in-person connection, collaboration and engagement at the local level. Technology should support these efforts, not replace them”.

Building on these remarks, participants reflected on ways that municipalities can strengthen their capacity to confront online harms effectively.

Internally, this means safeguarding staff and elected officials through bystander training, self-care resources and stronger codes of conduct that ensure respectful workplaces and reduce the chilling effect of online abuse.

Externally, municipalities cannot shoulder the challenge alone, but need to leverage local institutions, partners and programmes. These include, for example, schools and libraries, which provide trusted anchors for young people; Indigenous Nations and friendship centres, which can bring community credibility and culturally grounded approaches; youth centres, settlement agencies and grassroots organisations, which can offer frontline insight into emerging risks; and/or faith communities, local media, foundations and the private sector, which can contribute convening power, positive narratives, resources and technical expertise. By formalising these collaborations – through cross-departmental groups, structured handovers, response protocols for doxxing and threats and embedding online harms in CSWB planning – municipalities can extend their reach, build trust and coordinate more effective prevention and response strategies.

Ultimately, participants agreed that municipalities’ most powerful role is not only in enforcement or technical fixes, but in cultivating the societal conditions that protect residents from harm in the first place. As Yusuf Siraj emphasised, this means “building resilience to online content by fostering belonging, connection and meaning that protect residents from exploitation (from online manipulation, hate and harassment)”.

Ten Steps for Cities to Combat Hate Speech

The European Coalition of Cities against Racism has identified 10 steps cities can take to combat hate speech, many of which are relevant to countering cyber hate and other online harm and are relevant for British Columbia municipalities interested in strengthening existing or developing new policies, programmes or practices that can help prevent and mitigate the impact of online harms on their residents. Examples including:

  • Implementing anti-discrimination and anti-racism policies prohibiting hate speech in all public spaces, including online platforms, public facilities and government buildings
  • Establishing clear reporting mechanisms for incidents of hate speech in cooperation between civil society actors, advocacy groups that specialise in addressing bias and discrimination, and relevant municipal offices.
  • Conducting regular surveys and data collection with civil society actors and relevant municipal offices to assess the prevalence of hate speech
  • Offering training programmes for municipal employees, including local police, on effectively identifying and addressing hate speech
  • Cooperating with local schools and non-formal educational institutions to organise workshops for youth focusing on understanding the dangers of online hate speech and its effects on social platforms
  • Allocating resources to support community-led initiatives that promote positive messaging and counter hateful narratives through educational campaigns and cultural events
  • Establishing partnerships with legal experts and advocacy groups to provide legal assistance and mental health support to individuals who are targets of hate speech
  • Developing public awareness campaigns such as advertisements, social media initiatives, and community events that raise awareness about unconscious bias and its effects and emphasise the importance of diversity, inclusion and mutual respect

4. Using Education and Municipal Partnerships and Services to Safeguard Residents Online

Discussions highlighted how young people are especially vulnerable to online risks because social media dominates their information diets and many face these harms without trusted adults or after-school supports. Participants shared how safeguarding youth online depends on leveraging trusted spaces and consistent relationships across schools, libraries, families and municipalities. These actors can provide the belonging young people need to navigate online risks such as cyberbullying, sextortion, extremist recruitment and an AI-accelerated flood of mis/disinformation.

Representatives from different local governments across the province highlighted the importance of collaborating with federal partners such as Royal Canadian Mounted Police-led mental health teams and province-wide programmes such as The Village Initiative. The latter is a network of over 70 organisations “working together to better support the health and well-being of children, youth and families across the fast-growing West Shore-Sooke region … enabling children, youth and families to access the services and supports they need, when they need them. This includes advising local governments on the social planning needs of their communities and supporting our frontline service providers.”

Sherry McKinnon, Executive Director of the Office of the Wet’suwet’en, stressed that prevention must remain grounded in real stories that spark discussion, such as those of Amanda Todd and Ryan Halligan, which revealed the devastating consequences of cyberbullying and sextortion. She noted that issues like sexting, catfishing, scams and misinformation affect not only youth but also adults (including the elderly) who are increasingly active online and urged that parents and older generations not be overlooked.

Prevention works best when it’s real, when people can see actual stories and feel safe enough to share their own experiences

Sherry McKinnon, Executive Director of the Office of the Wet’suwet’en

Kasari Govender, British Columbia’s Human Rights Commissioner, called for expanding anti-hate and media literacy curriculum in schools, equipping teachers and young people to resist misinformation and supporting municipalities as conveners of safe spaces for dialogue. Kasari said that “Belonging or lack thereof is a key driver of hate”, urging local governments to invest in bonds of connection and critical thinking as essential tools for safeguarding human rights.

Ali Bajwa, Director, Collaborative Public Safety Programs at the British Columbia Ministry of Public Safety and Solicitor General, warned of growing youth radicalisation through nihilistic networks such as 764 and O9A. Ali emphasised that “Youth are being radicalised in spaces adults don’t understand, and that gap is where we’re losing ground”. These groups encourage violence against families, animals and peers while adults remain unaware of warning signs. Bajwa stressed that “criminal law alone cannot solve this problem”, calling for a whole-For Elected Officials & Municipalitiesof-society approach integrating mental health, education, upstream prevention and community resilience. He noted that challenges vary widely between large cities and smaller communities and initiatives such as SHIFT BC aims to fill this gap by providing municipalities with training, consultations and pathways to connect with regional resources.

Jennifer Reddy, Vancouver School Board Trustee, underscored the gap between harm and response. Students often “are not sure who to go to when something like this happens,” she said, stressing that adults must make accountability explicit. For example, Vancouver School Board’s new Anti-Racism and Non-Discrimination Response Plan for Administrators, co-designed with students, requires staff to act when hateful conduct surfaces, rather than leaving students uncertain about where to turn. Reddy also pointed to systemic inequities like a lack of after-school programmes and staff shortages that deepen youth isolation and limit access to trusted adults.

Lila Green, Founder of The Particle Accelerator, described a pilot at John Oliver Secondary in Vancouver that treated students as “junior analysts” tasked with dissecting extremist content in a non-shaming environment. By framing them as heroes from day one, the programme helped students critically engage with potentially radicalising material. She cautioned that national security programmes often fail when they drop materials into communities without follow-through, whereas youth need long-term hosting and safe adults to accompany them through the process. “The more we stay for the kids, the more they buy in,” she said, emphasising that young people are sophisticated users of online spaces and must be met with authenticity and consistency.

[Young people] are more sophisticated as users than we give them credit for – even more than we are. There’s a lot we can learn from them to create safer spaces … When we remove the shame and humiliation from these conversations, kids can get to the heart of the issue and work out problems right in front of you

Lila Green, Founder of The Particle Accelerator

Libraries were highlighted as frontline anchors against social isolation. Tracey Therrien, Chief Librarian at Nelson Public Library, underscored that “isolation is the biggest threat to our youth,” especially in rural areas with limited transportation and resources. She described how Nelson Library budgets staff time to build relationships with teens and provide meaningful volunteer roles, countering disconnection and creating belonging. Listening and following through on commitments, she said, are what transform libraries into trusted anchors for prevention.

Kelsey Davis, Digital Literacy Project Manager at CIVIX, cautioned that traditional approaches like “check the author or the .org” are inadequate for teaching youth how to critically assess information, as even credible-looking sites can promote hate or denialism. Therefore, CIVIX promotes lateral reading – scanning multiple sources for context, critiques and patterns – to help students reason about narratives rather than fact-check isolated claims. She recalled how one teacher used CIVIX programming to reach a student being drawn into conspiracy content: “But really, it was her relationship with the student that made the difference”. Davis stressed that “trust is the difference between a resource being just a worksheet and becoming a turning point”.

In wider discussions, participants also noted the importance of equipping not only youth but also adults with training to respond to online harms and digital threats. Needs identified included trauma-informed practice for municipal government, school, library and other staff, empathy training for police and bystander skills for residents.

5. Raising Awareness of, Identifying and Reporting on Online Harms in British Columbia

Speakers discussed how hate crimes, bias incidents and, more broadly, online harms in Canada are escalating in scale and complexity, with the rapid spread of harmful content outpacing existing response systems. They shared how limited police resources and fragmented enforcement across more than 160 police departments across the country leave many municipalities in British Columbia and elsewhere across Canada without consistent support. They added that persistent gaps in reporting mean the true scope of the problem remains hidden.

Sgt. Elvis Musinovic, Royal Canadian Mounted Police, who leads the BC hate crimes unit, described the difficulty of keeping pace as AI accelerates harmful content. “We’re always playing catch-up”, he said, noting that anonymity emboldens hostility and much material is “awful but not unlawful”. He highlighted that municipalities can help by inviting law enforcement officers into meetings and community events to build trust, share tools and support victims, saying that “when hate incidents go unreported, we miss the chance to identify behaviours that could escalate into violence”.

Daniel Panneton, Collaboration and Relationships Manager, Combatting Hate Hub at the Canadian Race Relations Foundation, highlighted the gap between lived experience and institutional response to hate. Hate crimes have doubled in five years, yet fewer than 5,000 incidents were reported in 2024. Surveys suggest that one in six Canadians have experienced hate, but “only one in four are ever reported and just 11 per cent of victims are satisfied with the outcome”. He pointed to new vectors of hate, from misogyny in gaming spaces to biased AI propaganda. In response, CRRF initiatives include Building Bridges workshops, a Combatting Hate Hub launching next year, victim-support training for police and more than $11 million in community grants to date. He stressed that “a victim-centred approach is essential,” encouraging municipalities to adopt pre-bunking strategies to prepare communities to resist harmful narratives.’

Canadian Race Relations Foundation’s Building Bridges Workshops

The Canadian Race Relations Foundation (CRRF) launched Building Bridges workshops in 2024, co-delivered with the Royal Canadian Mounted Police as the first initiative of its kind in Canada. The workshops bring together community members, law enforcement and frontline practitioners to build trust, improve hate crime reporting and strengthen local capacity to respond. With both police and community training components, they support communities directly affected by hate while helping institutions identify, document and address incidents more effectively.

At the local level, Laura Parent, Senior Staff to the Mayor of Victoria observed that “a number can never tell a full story of harm”. She said that the numbers need to be complemented by qualitative approaches. Through Victoria’s Community Safety and Wellbeing Plan, the city uses market stalls, campfire sessions with First Nations and conversations with unhoused residents, producing 300,000+ data points. Because online data is transient and many harms fall outside criminal law, she called for alternative, community-led reporting pathways with trusted partners. She added that this work must proceed “hand in hand with truth and reconciliation”.

Sam Raven, Councillor for the Town of Smithers, described the Bulkley/Wetzin’Kwa Valley Response to Racism and Hate Protocol, a voluntary reporting system signed by municipalities, schools and the Wet’suwet’en Nation. Reports generate data and can trigger follow-up education (e.g., Wet’suwet’en-led cultural training). She noted barriers to reporting in rural areas, including limited internet, inaccessible online forms and low institutional trust, pointing to the need for trauma-informed, community-led pathways.

We have to really rethink our structures so people can access support in a safe way

Sam Raven, Councillor for the Town of Smithers

Participants called for clearer protocols and routes for reporting, including standardised rubrics, referral pathways for non-criminal harms and third-party reporting through trusted community organisations. Examples cited included the BC Intimate Images Protection Act (linking reporting with victim services), third-party community reporting models in the UK and fusion centres in the United States. Participants also pushed for stronger data practices, such as disaggregated local data, central dashboards and two-way sharing with provincial and federal partners.

Shlomit Broder, CEO of Digital Public Square, said that “reporting has to come through trusted community organisations”, noting that trust is a major barrier to reporting, especially for those with low confidence in institutions. To capture lived experience where self-censorship is high, her team has piloted an anonymised “qualitative chatbot” that gathers narratives without personal data. She also introduced Manipulation Nation, a gamified tool for spotting manipulative tactics online, stressing that digital and in-person supports must reinforce each other.

Although outside of British Columbia, Edmonton’s Unison initiative offers an integration model to take into account how “online hate now has a physical address in our communities”. As Zehra Shah, Acting Manager, Data Science & Research in the City of Edmonton (Alberta), explained, Unison links insights from police, transit, fire services, crisis diversion teams, campus and corporate security and private malls. Its strength, she said, “lies in principles rather than software, integrating insights instead of identities to protect privacy, coordinating expertise across agencies and turning siloed inputs into actionable intelligence”.

Unison, Edmonton, Alberta (Canada)

Edmonton’s Unison initiative uses predictive analytics to help police, fire, transit, crisis diversion teams and other partners coordinate responses by mapping patterns across incident data. Developed in-house as a lower-cost alternative to private software, it applies a ‘privacy by design’ approach – drawing only on time, location and type of incident, while deliberately excluding personal identifiers such as race or gender to reduce risk of bias.

Building on these examples, discussions also explored how technology presents both a challenge and an opportunity to help increase reporting. For example, speakers shared how AI can support monitoring and digital reporting but cautioned that one-size-fits-all apps risk misdirecting victims; tools must be flexible and steer people to appropriate supports, they emphasised.

Despite promising innovations on pathways for reporting and data gathering, participants also emphasised that critical gaps remain, including: 

These challenges underscore the need for a more connected and trust-based reporting ecosystem – one that links local initiatives with provincial and national frameworks, strengthens data-sharing across institutions and ensures that community experiences translate into coordinated action.

Drawing on these insights, the Prevention Academy for British Columbia Municipalities on Countering Online Harms will launch in October 2025 to provide training, peer learning and practical tools to support municipalities in responding to and preventing online harms.

This initiative positions municipalities as key actors in countering online harms, ensuring they not only react to digital threats but also proactively build safer, more inclusive and resilient communities that are better able to identify and mitigate the impacts of these harms. The Academy will offer two tracks: a general track open to all municipalities across the province and a Deep Dive track that offers customised training and support to eight municipalities over the two-year project.

The year will also conclude with Strong Cities Sixth Global Summit in Toronto (9 – 11December 2025). To stay up to date on upcoming webinars, events and project launches, sign up for Strong Cities Network’s mailing list.

We are grateful to our partners at the Ministry of the Attorney General in British Columbia, the Foundation for a Path Forward, the Ronald S. Roadburg Foundation and CAF Canada for their support in delivering this event.

For more information on this event or Strong Cities North America programming, please contact the North America Regional Hub at [email protected].